Classical Dances, Music & Temple Architecture

Definition

Classical arts in India encompass highly codified dance forms, intricate musical traditions, and distinct architectural styles, primarily religious, developed over centuries. These forms are recognized for their adherence to ancient treatises, sophisticated techniques, and profound spiritual or thematic depth.

Key Points

Classical Dances

• Bharatanatyam (Tamil Nadu): Known for geometric precision, sculpturesque poses, and devotional themes.
• Kathak (Uttar Pradesh): Characterized by intricate footwork, pirouettes, and storytelling through hand gestures (mudras).
• Kathakali (Kerala): Features elaborate make-up, vibrant costumes, and dramatic portrayal of mythological stories.
• Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh): Combines dance, drama, and music, often performed on a brass plate.
• Odissi (Odisha): Distinguished by its tribhanga (three-bend) posture and lyrical movements.
• Manipuri (Manipur): Gentle, fluid movements, often depicting Radha-Krishna leela, with unique costumes.
• Mohiniyattam (Kerala): Graceful, feminine dance, characterized by swaying body movements and subtle expressions.
• Sattriya (Assam): Originated in Vaishnavite monasteries, known for its spiritual themes and powerful movements.

Classical Music

• Hindustani Music (North India): Focuses on improvisation, ragas, and talas. Key instruments: Sitar, Sarod, Tabla, Harmonium.
• Carnatic Music (South India): Emphasis on kriti compositions, melodic structure, and devotional lyrics. Key instruments: Veena, Mridangam, Violin, Flute.

Temple Architecture

• Nagara Style (North India): Characterized by a curvilinear shikhara (spire) over the sanctum sanctorum, absence of elaborate boundary walls or gateways. Examples: Konark Sun Temple, Khajuraho Temples.
• Dravida Style (South India): Features a pyramidal vimana (tower) over the sanctum, often multi-storied, enclosed by high boundary walls with elaborate gopurams (gateways). Examples: Brihadeeswarar Temple, Meenakshi Amman Temple.
• Vesara Style (Deccan/Central India): A hybrid style combining elements of both Nagara and Dravida styles. Examples: Hoysala Temples (Belur, Halebid), Aihole, Badami.

Why Important for Exams

• Frequently asked questions on origin states, key features, and famous exponents/temples.
• Forms a significant part of the 'Art and Culture' section in UPSC, SSC, Banking, and State PCS exams.
• Tests knowledge of India's rich cultural heritage and diversity.
• Questions often involve matching dance forms to states, identifying architectural styles, or recognizing musical instruments.

Important Facts

• Sangeet Natak Akademi: Recognizes eight classical dance forms in India.
• Bharata Muni's Natyashastra: Ancient treatise considered the foundational text for Indian classical dance and drama.
• Adi Shankara: Contributed significantly to the philosophical underpinnings of Indian arts.
• Tansen & Thyagaraja: Renowned figures in Hindustani and Carnatic music, respectively.
• Konark Sun Temple: UNESCO World Heritage Site, prime example of Nagara architecture.
• Brihadeeswarar Temple: UNESCO World Heritage Site, prime example of Dravida architecture.

Remember

The Sangeet Natak Akademi officially recognizes 8 classical dance forms, but cultural ministries sometimes mention 9 (including Chhau as semi-classical).

Related Topics

• Folk Dances of India
• Indian Painting Schools
• UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India
• Bhakti and Sufi Movements
• Indian Handicrafts
• Ancient Indian Literature