The primary purpose of tribunals within the judicial system is to enable specialized bodies to resolve intricate disputes more expeditiously than traditional courts could. In its judgments for S.P. Sampath Kumar (1987) and L. Chandra Kumar (1997), the Supreme Court affirmed that decisions rendered by tribunals remain subject to scrutiny by High Courts, underscoring that judicial review constitutes an indispensable element of the nation's fundamental legal framework. While these rulings were judicious, they allowed a significant structural flaw to persist. Historically, tribunals have been managed by the very government departments whose actions they might subsequently be required to examine. In Rojer Mathew (2019), the Court recommended the establishment of an autonomous, legally constituted National Tribunals Commission (NTC) to oversee the appointment and administration of these bodies. However, Parliament countered this by using the Finance Act 2017 to grant the executive greater authority over appointments and by reintroducing conditions previously rejected by the Court through the Tribunals Reforms Ordinance 2021. The decisive moment came with the Court's verdict in Madras Bar Association (2025), which invalidated the objectionable provisions Parliament had re-enacted, reinstated the prior operational structure, and gave the government a four-month deadline to establish the NTC. This judicial directive culminated in the Tribunal Reforms Bill 2026, which the Lok Sabha passed on August 10 without debate, and the Rajya Sabha approved on August 11. Among its positive attributes, the Bill restores the five-year terms for tribunal members, introduces uniform service conditions, includes provisions for a National Tribunals Data Grid, and avoids disrupting existing appointment processes.
Nevertheless, the Bill still falls short of granting the NTC adequate institutional independence. For instance, Section 14 defers the determination of qualifications, selection procedures, salaries, allowances, and other conditions of service for tribunal members to future executive regulations. Yet, in the Rojer Mathew case, Justice Deepak Gupta had maintained that defining who is qualified to exercise judicial authority is an essential legislative function that cannot be delegated to executive rulemaking. Despite this, the Bill claims consistency with the 2025 judgment while creating room for the very type of delegation that the judge’s reasoning had resisted. Experts have also identified similarly ambiguous phrasing within Section 3. Furthermore, under Section 16, a Ministry will conduct an initial review of a complaint before it is forwarded to the NTC for investigation. Thus, while the process is more detailed than it was in 2021, the central government retains the power to appoint the NTC’s members—consulting the Chief Justice of India only for the chairperson and judicial members—and maintains substantial influence over its financial affairs and administrative operations. This represents a persistent systemic flaw: a commission designed to insulate tribunals from executive control cannot itself be subjected to the executive’s dictates. The government must ensure the NTC's complete autonomy by relinquishing its arbitrary power to appoint or remove its members.
English: A special court or committee appointed to deal with particular problems. Explanation: These are specialized judicial or quasi-judicial bodies established to resolve specific types of disputes, often outside the traditional court system, for efficiency or expertise.
न्यायाधिकरण
Tribunals
NounHard
English: A special court or committee appointed to deal with particular problems. Explanation: These are specialized judicial or quasi-judicial bodies established to resolve specific types of disputes, often outside the traditional court system, for efficiency or expertise.
न्यायाधिकरण
Examples
The environmental tribunal heard cases related to pollution and industrial waste.
"Tribunals" sounds like "try-bunch-of-rules". They try cases based on specific rules.
AdjectiveMedium
English: Very complicated or detailed. Explanation: Used to describe something that has many interconnected parts or elements, making it difficult to understand or resolve.
जटिल, पेचीदा
Intricate
AdjectiveMedium
English: Very complicated or detailed. Explanation: Used to describe something that has many interconnected parts or elements, making it difficult to understand or resolve.
जटिल, पेचीदा
Examples
The lawyer had to unravel the intricate details of the financial fraud case.
"Intricate" sounds like "in-trick-ate". Something with many tricks is intricate.
AdverbHard
English: In a quick and efficient manner. Explanation: This adverb emphasizes speed and effectiveness, often implying that something is done without unnecessary delay.
शीघ्रता से, तत्परता से
Expeditiously
AdverbHard
English: In a quick and efficient manner. Explanation: This adverb emphasizes speed and effectiveness, often implying that something is done without unnecessary delay.
शीघ्रता से, तत्परता से
Examples
The committee worked expeditiously to approve the new policy before the deadline.
Synonyms
quickly, swiftly, promptly, rapidly, efficiently, speedily, without delay
"Expeditiously" sounds like "express-diligently". Doing something fast and carefully.
NounHard
English: Close and careful examination or observation. Explanation: Refers to a thorough and critical inspection, often implying a high level of detail and a search for flaws or errors.
बारीकी से जांच, सूक्ष्म परीक्षण
Scrutiny
NounHard
English: Close and careful examination or observation. Explanation: Refers to a thorough and critical inspection, often implying a high level of detail and a search for flaws or errors.
बारीकी से जांच, सूक्ष्म परीक्षण
Examples
The government's new budget is undergoing intense scrutiny from the public and media.
"Scrutiny" sounds like "screw-tiny". You're looking so closely you could screw tiny things.
Verb (present participle)Hard
English: Emphasizing or highlighting the importance of something. Explanation: To draw attention to or stress a particular point, making it more prominent or clear.
रेखांकित करना, ज़ोर देना
Underscoring
Verb (present participle)Hard
English: Emphasizing or highlighting the importance of something. Explanation: To draw attention to or stress a particular point, making it more prominent or clear.
रेखांकित करना, ज़ोर देना
Examples
The report concluded by underscoring the need for immediate action on climate change.
"Underscoring" is like drawing a line *under* something to show its importance.
AdjectiveHard
English: Absolutely necessary or essential. Explanation: Describes something that cannot be done without; it is crucial and vital for a particular purpose or function.
अनिवार्य, अपरिहार्य
Indispensable
AdjectiveHard
English: Absolutely necessary or essential. Explanation: Describes something that cannot be done without; it is crucial and vital for a particular purpose or function.
अनिवार्य, अपरिहार्य
Examples
A good dictionary is an indispensable tool for any language learner.
"Indispensable" sounds like "in-dispense-able". You can't dispense (do without) it.
AdjectiveHard
English: Having or showing good judgment; wise and sensible. Explanation: Implies careful consideration and sound decision-making, often in official or serious matters. Not to be confused with "judicial" (related to courts).
विवेकपूर्ण, बुद्धिमानीपूर्ण
Judicious
AdjectiveHard
English: Having or showing good judgment; wise and sensible. Explanation: Implies careful consideration and sound decision-making, often in official or serious matters. Not to be confused with "judicial" (related to courts).
विवेकपूर्ण, बुद्धिमानीपूर्ण
Examples
The judge made a judicious decision after carefully weighing all the evidence.
"Judicious" sounds like "judge-wise". A good judge makes wise decisions.
AdjectiveHard
English: Having the freedom to govern itself or control its own affairs. Explanation: Describes an entity that is self-governing, independent, and not subject to external control or authority.
स्वायत्त, स्वशासी
Autonomous
AdjectiveHard
English: Having the freedom to govern itself or control its own affairs. Explanation: Describes an entity that is self-governing, independent, and not subject to external control or authority.
स्वायत्त, स्वशासी
Examples
The university is an autonomous body, free from direct government interference in its academic decisions.
"Autonomous" sounds like "auto-know-me". It knows itself and runs itself.
NounHard
English: An authoritative order or decree, especially a municipal law or a temporary law issued by a government. Explanation: Refers to a law or rule made by a government or authority, often a local one, or a temporary law issued when parliament is not in session.
अध्यादेश, नियम
Ordinance
NounHard
English: An authoritative order or decree, especially a municipal law or a temporary law issued by a government. Explanation: Refers to a law or rule made by a government or authority, often a local one, or a temporary law issued when parliament is not in session.
अध्यादेश, नियम
Examples
The city council passed an ordinance to ban smoking in public parks.
"Ordinance" sounds like "order-nance". It's an order, like a law.
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Made something no longer valid or effective; cancelled. Explanation: To declare something legally or officially void, meaning it no longer has force or effect.
अमान्य करना, रद्द करना
Invalidated
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Made something no longer valid or effective; cancelled. Explanation: To declare something legally or officially void, meaning it no longer has force or effect.
अमान्य करना, रद्द करना
Examples
The court invalidated the contract due to a technical error in its drafting.
validated, confirmed, ratified, approved, upheld, established
Memory Trick
"Invalidated" is like "in-valid-ated". It makes something *not* valid.
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Restored someone or something to their former position or state. Explanation: To bring back into use, service, or a previous condition after a period of absence or suspension.
बहाल करना, पुनः स्थापित करना
Reinstated
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Restored someone or something to their former position or state. Explanation: To bring back into use, service, or a previous condition after a period of absence or suspension.
बहाल करना, पुनः स्थापित करना
Examples
After a thorough investigation, the employee was reinstated to his position.
"Reinstated" sounds like "re-in-state-ed". Putting something back *in* its original *state*.
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Reached the highest or most decisive point; resulted in a particular outcome. Explanation: To reach a climax or the final result of a series of events or developments.
परिणत होना, पराकाष्ठा पर पहुँचना
Culminated
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Reached the highest or most decisive point; resulted in a particular outcome. Explanation: To reach a climax or the final result of a series of events or developments.
परिणत होना, पराकाष्ठा पर पहुँचना
Examples
Years of hard work culminated in the successful launch of the new product.
"Culminated" sounds like "climb-in-ate". It climbed to its ultimate point.
VerbHard
English: Postpones or puts off to a later time; or yields to another's opinion or judgment. Explanation: In this context, it means to hand over responsibility or authority to someone else or to postpone a decision.
स्थगित करना, टालना (also: अधीन होना, मानना)
Defers
VerbHard
English: Postpones or puts off to a later time; or yields to another's opinion or judgment. Explanation: In this context, it means to hand over responsibility or authority to someone else or to postpone a decision.
स्थगित करना, टालना (also: अधीन होना, मानना)
Examples
The committee defers the final decision on funding to the board of directors.
expedites, hastens, advances, takes on, assumes, resists
Memory Trick
"Defers" sounds like "delay-fers". It delays or passes it on.
AdjectiveHard
English: Having the power to make laws. Explanation: Relates to the branch of government responsible for making laws, or to the process of law-making itself.
विधायी, कानून बनाने वाला
Legislative
AdjectiveHard
English: Having the power to make laws. Explanation: Relates to the branch of government responsible for making laws, or to the process of law-making itself.
विधायी, कानून बनाने वाला
Examples
The legislative body debated the proposed bill for several hours.
"Legislative" sounds like "legal-active". It's active in making laws.
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Entrusted a task or responsibility to another person, typically one who is less senior. Explanation: To assign authority or responsibility to another person or group to act on one's behalf.
प्रत्यायोजित करना, सौंपना
Delegated
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Entrusted a task or responsibility to another person, typically one who is less senior. Explanation: To assign authority or responsibility to another person or group to act on one's behalf.
प्रत्यायोजित करना, सौंपना
Examples
The manager delegated the task of organizing the event to her assistant.
"Delegated" sounds like "delay-gate-ed". You open a gate for someone else to do it, delaying your own direct involvement.
AdjectiveHard
English: Open to more than one interpretation; having a double meaning; unclear. Explanation: Describes something that is vague, uncertain, or can be understood in several ways, leading to confusion.
अस्पष्ट, संदिग्ध
Ambiguous
AdjectiveHard
English: Open to more than one interpretation; having a double meaning; unclear. Explanation: Describes something that is vague, uncertain, or can be understood in several ways, leading to confusion.
अस्पष्ट, संदिग्ध
Examples
The politician's statement was so ambiguous that no one was sure what he really meant.
"Ambiguous" sounds like "am-big-you-us". It's a big question for us, unclear.
AdjectiveHard
English: Relating to or affecting an entire system, rather than just a part. Explanation: Describes a problem, issue, or effect that is fundamental and widespread throughout a system, organization, or society.
प्रणालीगत, व्यवस्थागत
Systemic
AdjectiveHard
English: Relating to or affecting an entire system, rather than just a part. Explanation: Describes a problem, issue, or effect that is fundamental and widespread throughout a system, organization, or society.
प्रणालीगत, व्यवस्थागत
Examples
The audit revealed systemic failures in the company's financial reporting.
English: Protect (something) by interposing material that prevents the passage of heat, sound, or electricity; or protect from unpleasant influences. Explanation: In this context, it means to protect or shield something from external influences or undesirable conditions.
अलग करना, रक्षा करना (गर्मी, ध्वनि आदि से); बचाना
Insulate
VerbHard
English: Protect (something) by interposing material that prevents the passage of heat, sound, or electricity; or protect from unpleasant influences. Explanation: In this context, it means to protect or shield something from external influences or undesirable conditions.
अलग करना, रक्षा करना (गर्मी, ध्वनि आदि से); बचाना
Examples
The new policy aims to insulate small businesses from the negative effects of the economic downturn.
"Insulate" sounds like "in-shield-ate". You put a shield *in* to protect.
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Caused or forced to undergo (a particular experience or treatment). Explanation: To make someone or something experience or endure something, often something unpleasant or difficult.
अधीन करना, के अधीन होना
Subjected
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Caused or forced to undergo (a particular experience or treatment). Explanation: To make someone or something experience or endure something, often something unpleasant or difficult.
अधीन करना, के अधीन होना
Examples
The new recruits were subjected to rigorous training.
Synonyms
exposed, underwent, submitted, endured, put through, made to experience, compelled
"Subjected" is like being put *under* someone's power or influence.
Noun (plural)Hard
English: Orders or principles that must be obeyed. Explanation: Refers to authoritative commands, rules, or principles that are imposed and expected to be followed without question.
आदेश, हुक्म
Dictates
Noun (plural)Hard
English: Orders or principles that must be obeyed. Explanation: Refers to authoritative commands, rules, or principles that are imposed and expected to be followed without question.
आदेश, हुक्म
Examples
The country's foreign policy is often guided by the dictates of economic necessity.
"Dictates" sounds like "dictator's-states". A dictator states orders.
Verb (present participle)Hard
English: Voluntarily ceasing to keep or claim; giving up. Explanation: To give up or surrender something, such as power, control, or a possession, often unwillingly but by necessity.
त्यागना, छोड़ देना
Relinquishing
Verb (present participle)Hard
English: Voluntarily ceasing to keep or claim; giving up. Explanation: To give up or surrender something, such as power, control, or a possession, often unwillingly but by necessity.
त्यागना, छोड़ देना
Examples
The old king decided on relinquishing his throne to his son.
"Relinquishing" sounds like "release-link-wish-ing". Wishing to release a link.
AdjectiveHard
English: Based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system. Explanation: Describes something done without any logical basis, reason, or fairness, often implying unfairness or capriciousness.
मनमाना, स्वेच्छाचारी
Arbitrary
AdjectiveHard
English: Based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system. Explanation: Describes something done without any logical basis, reason, or fairness, often implying unfairness or capriciousness.
मनमाना, स्वेच्छाचारी
Examples
The decision to cancel the project seemed arbitrary, with no clear justification.
"Arbitrary" sounds like "arm-bit-rare-y". A decision that's rare and seems like it was just picked out of an arm.
Noun (plural)Medium
English: Conditions or clauses in a legal document or agreement; supplies of food, drink, or equipment. Explanation: In the legal context, these are specific terms, requirements, or stipulations included in a law, contract, or agreement.
प्रावधान, शर्तें (also: खाद्य सामग्री)
Provisions
Noun (plural)Medium
English: Conditions or clauses in a legal document or agreement; supplies of food, drink, or equipment. Explanation: In the legal context, these are specific terms, requirements, or stipulations included in a law, contract, or agreement.
प्रावधान, शर्तें (also: खाद्य सामग्री)
Examples
The contract included provisions for early termination under certain circumstances.
"Provisions" are like "pro-visions" – forward-looking conditions.
Verb (past tense)Medium
English: Provided or gave (a service, help, etc.); caused to be or become. Explanation: A formal verb meaning to give, provide, or deliver something, often a judgment, service, or assistance.
प्रदान करना, प्रस्तुत करना (also: बनाना)
Rendered
Verb (past tense)Medium
English: Provided or gave (a service, help, etc.); caused to be or become. Explanation: A formal verb meaning to give, provide, or deliver something, often a judgment, service, or assistance.
प्रदान करना, प्रस्तुत करना (also: बनाना)
Examples
The jury rendered a verdict of not guilty after a long deliberation.
"Affirmed" is like "a-firm-ed". Made it firm, confirmed.
Study Tip
Bookmark difficult words to your Word Bank and review them regularly to lock them into memory.
Vocabulary
NounHard
English: A special court or committee appointed to deal with particular problems. Explanation: These are specialized judicial or quasi-judicial bodies established to resolve specific types of disputes, often outside the traditional court system, for efficiency or expertise.
न्यायाधिकरण
Tribunals
NounHard
English: A special court or committee appointed to deal with particular problems. Explanation: These are specialized judicial or quasi-judicial bodies established to resolve specific types of disputes, often outside the traditional court system, for efficiency or expertise.
न्यायाधिकरण
Examples
The environmental tribunal heard cases related to pollution and industrial waste.
"Tribunals" sounds like "try-bunch-of-rules". They try cases based on specific rules.
AdjectiveMedium
English: Very complicated or detailed. Explanation: Used to describe something that has many interconnected parts or elements, making it difficult to understand or resolve.
जटिल, पेचीदा
Intricate
AdjectiveMedium
English: Very complicated or detailed. Explanation: Used to describe something that has many interconnected parts or elements, making it difficult to understand or resolve.
जटिल, पेचीदा
Examples
The lawyer had to unravel the intricate details of the financial fraud case.
"Intricate" sounds like "in-trick-ate". Something with many tricks is intricate.
AdverbHard
English: In a quick and efficient manner. Explanation: This adverb emphasizes speed and effectiveness, often implying that something is done without unnecessary delay.
शीघ्रता से, तत्परता से
Expeditiously
AdverbHard
English: In a quick and efficient manner. Explanation: This adverb emphasizes speed and effectiveness, often implying that something is done without unnecessary delay.
शीघ्रता से, तत्परता से
Examples
The committee worked expeditiously to approve the new policy before the deadline.
Synonyms
quickly, swiftly, promptly, rapidly, efficiently, speedily, without delay
"Expeditiously" sounds like "express-diligently". Doing something fast and carefully.
NounHard
English: Close and careful examination or observation. Explanation: Refers to a thorough and critical inspection, often implying a high level of detail and a search for flaws or errors.
बारीकी से जांच, सूक्ष्म परीक्षण
Scrutiny
NounHard
English: Close and careful examination or observation. Explanation: Refers to a thorough and critical inspection, often implying a high level of detail and a search for flaws or errors.
बारीकी से जांच, सूक्ष्म परीक्षण
Examples
The government's new budget is undergoing intense scrutiny from the public and media.
"Scrutiny" sounds like "screw-tiny". You're looking so closely you could screw tiny things.
Verb (present participle)Hard
English: Emphasizing or highlighting the importance of something. Explanation: To draw attention to or stress a particular point, making it more prominent or clear.
रेखांकित करना, ज़ोर देना
Underscoring
Verb (present participle)Hard
English: Emphasizing or highlighting the importance of something. Explanation: To draw attention to or stress a particular point, making it more prominent or clear.
रेखांकित करना, ज़ोर देना
Examples
The report concluded by underscoring the need for immediate action on climate change.
"Underscoring" is like drawing a line *under* something to show its importance.
AdjectiveHard
English: Absolutely necessary or essential. Explanation: Describes something that cannot be done without; it is crucial and vital for a particular purpose or function.
अनिवार्य, अपरिहार्य
Indispensable
AdjectiveHard
English: Absolutely necessary or essential. Explanation: Describes something that cannot be done without; it is crucial and vital for a particular purpose or function.
अनिवार्य, अपरिहार्य
Examples
A good dictionary is an indispensable tool for any language learner.
"Indispensable" sounds like "in-dispense-able". You can't dispense (do without) it.
AdjectiveHard
English: Having or showing good judgment; wise and sensible. Explanation: Implies careful consideration and sound decision-making, often in official or serious matters. Not to be confused with "judicial" (related to courts).
विवेकपूर्ण, बुद्धिमानीपूर्ण
Judicious
AdjectiveHard
English: Having or showing good judgment; wise and sensible. Explanation: Implies careful consideration and sound decision-making, often in official or serious matters. Not to be confused with "judicial" (related to courts).
विवेकपूर्ण, बुद्धिमानीपूर्ण
Examples
The judge made a judicious decision after carefully weighing all the evidence.
"Judicious" sounds like "judge-wise". A good judge makes wise decisions.
AdjectiveHard
English: Having the freedom to govern itself or control its own affairs. Explanation: Describes an entity that is self-governing, independent, and not subject to external control or authority.
स्वायत्त, स्वशासी
Autonomous
AdjectiveHard
English: Having the freedom to govern itself or control its own affairs. Explanation: Describes an entity that is self-governing, independent, and not subject to external control or authority.
स्वायत्त, स्वशासी
Examples
The university is an autonomous body, free from direct government interference in its academic decisions.
"Autonomous" sounds like "auto-know-me". It knows itself and runs itself.
NounHard
English: An authoritative order or decree, especially a municipal law or a temporary law issued by a government. Explanation: Refers to a law or rule made by a government or authority, often a local one, or a temporary law issued when parliament is not in session.
अध्यादेश, नियम
Ordinance
NounHard
English: An authoritative order or decree, especially a municipal law or a temporary law issued by a government. Explanation: Refers to a law or rule made by a government or authority, often a local one, or a temporary law issued when parliament is not in session.
अध्यादेश, नियम
Examples
The city council passed an ordinance to ban smoking in public parks.
"Ordinance" sounds like "order-nance". It's an order, like a law.
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Made something no longer valid or effective; cancelled. Explanation: To declare something legally or officially void, meaning it no longer has force or effect.
अमान्य करना, रद्द करना
Invalidated
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Made something no longer valid or effective; cancelled. Explanation: To declare something legally or officially void, meaning it no longer has force or effect.
अमान्य करना, रद्द करना
Examples
The court invalidated the contract due to a technical error in its drafting.
validated, confirmed, ratified, approved, upheld, established
Memory Trick
"Invalidated" is like "in-valid-ated". It makes something *not* valid.
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Restored someone or something to their former position or state. Explanation: To bring back into use, service, or a previous condition after a period of absence or suspension.
बहाल करना, पुनः स्थापित करना
Reinstated
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Restored someone or something to their former position or state. Explanation: To bring back into use, service, or a previous condition after a period of absence or suspension.
बहाल करना, पुनः स्थापित करना
Examples
After a thorough investigation, the employee was reinstated to his position.
"Reinstated" sounds like "re-in-state-ed". Putting something back *in* its original *state*.
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Reached the highest or most decisive point; resulted in a particular outcome. Explanation: To reach a climax or the final result of a series of events or developments.
परिणत होना, पराकाष्ठा पर पहुँचना
Culminated
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Reached the highest or most decisive point; resulted in a particular outcome. Explanation: To reach a climax or the final result of a series of events or developments.
परिणत होना, पराकाष्ठा पर पहुँचना
Examples
Years of hard work culminated in the successful launch of the new product.
"Culminated" sounds like "climb-in-ate". It climbed to its ultimate point.
VerbHard
English: Postpones or puts off to a later time; or yields to another's opinion or judgment. Explanation: In this context, it means to hand over responsibility or authority to someone else or to postpone a decision.
स्थगित करना, टालना (also: अधीन होना, मानना)
Defers
VerbHard
English: Postpones or puts off to a later time; or yields to another's opinion or judgment. Explanation: In this context, it means to hand over responsibility or authority to someone else or to postpone a decision.
स्थगित करना, टालना (also: अधीन होना, मानना)
Examples
The committee defers the final decision on funding to the board of directors.
expedites, hastens, advances, takes on, assumes, resists
Memory Trick
"Defers" sounds like "delay-fers". It delays or passes it on.
AdjectiveHard
English: Having the power to make laws. Explanation: Relates to the branch of government responsible for making laws, or to the process of law-making itself.
विधायी, कानून बनाने वाला
Legislative
AdjectiveHard
English: Having the power to make laws. Explanation: Relates to the branch of government responsible for making laws, or to the process of law-making itself.
विधायी, कानून बनाने वाला
Examples
The legislative body debated the proposed bill for several hours.
"Legislative" sounds like "legal-active". It's active in making laws.
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Entrusted a task or responsibility to another person, typically one who is less senior. Explanation: To assign authority or responsibility to another person or group to act on one's behalf.
प्रत्यायोजित करना, सौंपना
Delegated
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Entrusted a task or responsibility to another person, typically one who is less senior. Explanation: To assign authority or responsibility to another person or group to act on one's behalf.
प्रत्यायोजित करना, सौंपना
Examples
The manager delegated the task of organizing the event to her assistant.
"Delegated" sounds like "delay-gate-ed". You open a gate for someone else to do it, delaying your own direct involvement.
AdjectiveHard
English: Open to more than one interpretation; having a double meaning; unclear. Explanation: Describes something that is vague, uncertain, or can be understood in several ways, leading to confusion.
अस्पष्ट, संदिग्ध
Ambiguous
AdjectiveHard
English: Open to more than one interpretation; having a double meaning; unclear. Explanation: Describes something that is vague, uncertain, or can be understood in several ways, leading to confusion.
अस्पष्ट, संदिग्ध
Examples
The politician's statement was so ambiguous that no one was sure what he really meant.
"Ambiguous" sounds like "am-big-you-us". It's a big question for us, unclear.
AdjectiveHard
English: Relating to or affecting an entire system, rather than just a part. Explanation: Describes a problem, issue, or effect that is fundamental and widespread throughout a system, organization, or society.
प्रणालीगत, व्यवस्थागत
Systemic
AdjectiveHard
English: Relating to or affecting an entire system, rather than just a part. Explanation: Describes a problem, issue, or effect that is fundamental and widespread throughout a system, organization, or society.
प्रणालीगत, व्यवस्थागत
Examples
The audit revealed systemic failures in the company's financial reporting.
English: Protect (something) by interposing material that prevents the passage of heat, sound, or electricity; or protect from unpleasant influences. Explanation: In this context, it means to protect or shield something from external influences or undesirable conditions.
अलग करना, रक्षा करना (गर्मी, ध्वनि आदि से); बचाना
Insulate
VerbHard
English: Protect (something) by interposing material that prevents the passage of heat, sound, or electricity; or protect from unpleasant influences. Explanation: In this context, it means to protect or shield something from external influences or undesirable conditions.
अलग करना, रक्षा करना (गर्मी, ध्वनि आदि से); बचाना
Examples
The new policy aims to insulate small businesses from the negative effects of the economic downturn.
"Insulate" sounds like "in-shield-ate". You put a shield *in* to protect.
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Caused or forced to undergo (a particular experience or treatment). Explanation: To make someone or something experience or endure something, often something unpleasant or difficult.
अधीन करना, के अधीन होना
Subjected
Verb (past tense)Hard
English: Caused or forced to undergo (a particular experience or treatment). Explanation: To make someone or something experience or endure something, often something unpleasant or difficult.
अधीन करना, के अधीन होना
Examples
The new recruits were subjected to rigorous training.
Synonyms
exposed, underwent, submitted, endured, put through, made to experience, compelled
"Subjected" is like being put *under* someone's power or influence.
Noun (plural)Hard
English: Orders or principles that must be obeyed. Explanation: Refers to authoritative commands, rules, or principles that are imposed and expected to be followed without question.
आदेश, हुक्म
Dictates
Noun (plural)Hard
English: Orders or principles that must be obeyed. Explanation: Refers to authoritative commands, rules, or principles that are imposed and expected to be followed without question.
आदेश, हुक्म
Examples
The country's foreign policy is often guided by the dictates of economic necessity.
"Dictates" sounds like "dictator's-states". A dictator states orders.
Verb (present participle)Hard
English: Voluntarily ceasing to keep or claim; giving up. Explanation: To give up or surrender something, such as power, control, or a possession, often unwillingly but by necessity.
त्यागना, छोड़ देना
Relinquishing
Verb (present participle)Hard
English: Voluntarily ceasing to keep or claim; giving up. Explanation: To give up or surrender something, such as power, control, or a possession, often unwillingly but by necessity.
त्यागना, छोड़ देना
Examples
The old king decided on relinquishing his throne to his son.
"Relinquishing" sounds like "release-link-wish-ing". Wishing to release a link.
AdjectiveHard
English: Based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system. Explanation: Describes something done without any logical basis, reason, or fairness, often implying unfairness or capriciousness.
मनमाना, स्वेच्छाचारी
Arbitrary
AdjectiveHard
English: Based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system. Explanation: Describes something done without any logical basis, reason, or fairness, often implying unfairness or capriciousness.
मनमाना, स्वेच्छाचारी
Examples
The decision to cancel the project seemed arbitrary, with no clear justification.
"Arbitrary" sounds like "arm-bit-rare-y". A decision that's rare and seems like it was just picked out of an arm.
Noun (plural)Medium
English: Conditions or clauses in a legal document or agreement; supplies of food, drink, or equipment. Explanation: In the legal context, these are specific terms, requirements, or stipulations included in a law, contract, or agreement.
प्रावधान, शर्तें (also: खाद्य सामग्री)
Provisions
Noun (plural)Medium
English: Conditions or clauses in a legal document or agreement; supplies of food, drink, or equipment. Explanation: In the legal context, these are specific terms, requirements, or stipulations included in a law, contract, or agreement.
प्रावधान, शर्तें (also: खाद्य सामग्री)
Examples
The contract included provisions for early termination under certain circumstances.
"Provisions" are like "pro-visions" – forward-looking conditions.
Verb (past tense)Medium
English: Provided or gave (a service, help, etc.); caused to be or become. Explanation: A formal verb meaning to give, provide, or deliver something, often a judgment, service, or assistance.
प्रदान करना, प्रस्तुत करना (also: बनाना)
Rendered
Verb (past tense)Medium
English: Provided or gave (a service, help, etc.); caused to be or become. Explanation: A formal verb meaning to give, provide, or deliver something, often a judgment, service, or assistance.
प्रदान करना, प्रस्तुत करना (also: बनाना)
Examples
The jury rendered a verdict of not guilty after a long deliberation.
